Linear Cylinders - Aventics
Centro offers linear cylinders, also known as linear actuators or hydraulic/pneumatic cylinders, which are mechanical devices that convert energy into linear motion. They are widely used in various industries, incl...
Categories from Aventics (2)
NFPA Cylinders
NFPA cylinders tailored for pneumatic systems adhere to the rigorous standards set by the National Fluid Power Association. These cylinders offer a robust, standardized solution for achieving efficient linear motion within pneumatic automation setups. With adherence to NFPA guidelines, these cylinders ensure compatibility, interchangeability, and easy integration across various manufacturers' components. In various sizes and configurations, NFPA pneumatic cylinders enable precise control and reliable performance in applications spanning manufacturing, packaging, and material handling. Their standardized design simplifies maintenance and replacement, making them a preferred choice for achieving streamlined automation and optimal productivity.
Pneumatic Cylinders and Actuators
Pneumatic cylinders and actuators are used in a variety of industrial applications. Pneumatic cylinders and actuators use compressed air to create a force in a linear or rotary motion. Pneumatic cylinders come in various sizes and shapes and can be used for many different applications. Pneumatic cylinders and actuators are an essential part of many industries, and we are proud to offer our customers a wide selection of products. At Centro, we carry a complete selection of pneumatic cylinders and actuators, including rotary actuators and linear cylinders. Our pneumatic cylinders and actuators are available in various sizes and configurations, making it easy to find the perfect product for your application. Please browse our website or contact us today to learn more about our pneumatic cylinder and actuator offerings.
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Compact Cylinder - CCL-DA-040-1000-IS-0210024211AB00000-ACC R481606085. Short-body pneumatic cylinder; double-acting, 40 mm bore, 1000 mm stroke for restricted-envelope installations. Integrates into precision fixtures, micro-clamping cells, and inline inspection equipment. Stocked through our authorized Aventics distribution channel.
$454.49
Available for Purchase
Subject to factory lead times
Compact Cylinder - CCL-DA-050-0030-IS-0210032211AB00000-BAS R480196846. Short-body pneumatic cylinder; double-acting, 50 mm bore, 30 mm stroke for restricted-envelope installations. Suited to small-machine integration, robotic effectors, and panel-mounted fixturing where depth is constrained. In stock through authorized Aventics distribution with full factory warranty.
$290.21
Available for Purchase
Subject to factory lead times
Compact Cylinder - CCL-DA-050-0060-IS-0210032211AB00000-BAS R480143485. ISO 21287 compact cylinder design, double-acting, bore 50 mm, stroke 60 mm, for assembly and packaging duty. Used on small-format machinery, dispensing heads, and probing stations where space is at a premium. Available from us as an authorized Aventics distributor with manufacturer warranty.
$296.50
Available for Purchase
Subject to factory lead times
Compact Cylinder - CCL-DA-050-0080-IS-A038 R414010873. Reduced-length compact cylinder (double-acting) at 50 mm × 80 mm bore × stroke for tight-package automation. Frequently selected for pick-and-place tooling, sub-assembly stations, and lifters with shallow envelopes. Authorized Aventics distribution; manufacturer warranty included.
Requires Quote
Available for Purchase
Subject to factory lead times
Compact Cylinder - CCL-DA-050-0125-IS-A092-A122 R404065992. double-acting compact cylinder, bore 50 mm × stroke 125 mm, suited to fixturing, jigging, and similar tasks. Deployed in test stands, automated inspection stations, and tight-package machine cells. Genuine Aventics part shipped through authorized distribution.
Requires Quote
Available for Purchase
Subject to factory lead times
Compact Cylinder - CCL-DA-050-0200-IS-0210032111AB00000-BAS R480687547. Compact ISO cylinder, double-acting, bore 50 mm × stroke 200 mm, for space-constrained pneumatic actuation. Used on small-format machinery, dispensing heads, and probing stations where space is at a premium. Stocked through our authorized Aventics distribution channel.
$325.83
Available for Purchase
Subject to factory lead times
Compact Cylinder - CCL-DA-050-0200-IS-0210032211BB00000-BAS R412015815. Reduced-length compact cylinder (double-acting) at 50 mm × 200 mm bore × stroke for tight-package automation. Deployed in test stands, automated inspection stations, and tight-package machine cells. Stocked through our authorized Aventics distribution channel.
$325.83
Available for Purchase
Subject to factory lead times
CCL Series Short-Stroke and Compact Cylinder. CCL-DA-050-0200-IS-0210032214AB00000-BAS, double acting. Aventics part number R481624098. Centro, Inc. is an authorized distributor of Aventics pneumatic components, ensuring you receive genuine parts backed by full manufacturer support and warranty.
$460.82
Available for Purchase
Subject to factory lead times
Compact Cylinder - CCL-DA-050-0200-IS-0210200111AB00000-ACC R481609002. double-acting compact cylinder, bore 50 mm × stroke 200 mm, suited to fixturing, jigging, and similar tasks. Deployed in test stands, automated inspection stations, and tight-package machine cells. In stock through authorized Aventics distribution with full factory warranty.
$403.47
Available for Purchase
Subject to factory lead times
Compact Cylinder - CCL-DA-050-0305-IS-0210032211AB00000-BAS R480684488. 50 mm bore compact cylinder providing double-acting linear motion over a 305 mm stroke in tight machine envelopes. Integrates into precision fixtures, micro-clamping cells, and inline inspection equipment. Genuine Aventics part shipped through authorized distribution.
$347.83
Available for Purchase
Subject to factory lead times
Compact Cylinder - CCL-DA-050-0355-IS-0210200231AB00000-BAS R480672073. ISO 21287 compact cylinder design, double-acting, bore 50 mm, stroke 355 mm, for assembly and packaging duty. Used in confined-space assembly stations, indexing tables, jigs, and short-travel positioning fixtures. Stocked through our authorized Aventics distribution channel.
$416.93
Available for Purchase
Subject to factory lead times
Compact Cylinder - CCL-DA-050-0356-IS-0240032211AB14500-ACC R481608775. A compact pneumatic cylinder (double-acting) with 50 mm bore and 356 mm stroke for short-stroke industrial use. Used on small-format machinery, dispensing heads, and probing stations where space is at a premium. Available from us as an authorized Aventics distributor with manufacturer warranty.
$768.16
Available for Purchase
Subject to factory lead times
Compact Cylinder - CCL-DA-050-0406-IS-0240032211AB14500-ACC R481606437. ISO 21287 compact cylinder, 50 mm bore × 406 mm stroke, double-acting, for confined-space linear duty. Common applications include short-stroke clamping, gating, fixturing, and end-of-arm tooling where mounting space is limited. Authorized Aventics distribution; manufacturer warranty included.
$778.64
Available for Purchase
Subject to factory lead times
Compact Cylinder - CCL-DA-050-0510-IS-0210200231AB00000-BAS R481601408. ISO 21287 compact cylinder design, double-acting, bore 50 mm, stroke 510 mm, for assembly and packaging duty. Common applications include short-stroke clamping, gating, fixturing, and end-of-arm tooling where mounting space is limited. Genuine Aventics part shipped through authorized distribution.
$449.41
Available for Purchase
Subject to factory lead times
Compact Cylinder - CCL-DA-050-1450-IS-0210032231AB00000-BAS R480193139. A compact pneumatic cylinder (double-acting) with 50 mm bore and 1450 mm stroke for short-stroke industrial use. Selected for label applicators, marking heads, and reject mechanisms requiring short, fast cylinder strokes. Stocked through our authorized Aventics distribution channel.
$646.35
Available for Purchase
Subject to factory lead times
Compact Cylinder - CCL-DA-063-0045-IS-ADJ. Stroke 35/45MM R404070188. Short-body pneumatic cylinder; double-acting, 63 mm bore, 45 mm stroke for restricted-envelope installations. Suited to small-machine integration, robotic effectors, and panel-mounted fixturing where depth is constrained. Authorized Aventics distribution; manufacturer warranty included.
Requires Quote
Available for Purchase
Subject to factory lead times
Compact Cylinder - CCL-DA-063-0050-IS-0210032211AB00000-BAS R480671389. Short-body pneumatic cylinder; double-acting, 63 mm bore, 50 mm stroke for restricted-envelope installations. Selected for label applicators, marking heads, and reject mechanisms requiring short, fast cylinder strokes. Stocked through our authorized Aventics distribution channel.
$346.35
Available for Purchase
Subject to factory lead times
Compact Cylinder - CCL-DA-063-0083-IS-0210032211AB00000-ACC R480173373. Short-body cylinder rated for double-acting operation; 63 mm bore and 83 mm stroke for clamping and short-travel positioning. Frequently selected for pick-and-place tooling, sub-assembly stations, and lifters with shallow envelopes. Genuine Aventics part shipped through authorized distribution.
$481.78
Available for Purchase
Subject to factory lead times
Compact Cylinder - CCL-DA-063-0125-IS-A038-A094 R414010874. Air cylinder of compact ISO design, double-acting, bore 63 mm and stroke 125 mm. Frequently selected for pick-and-place tooling, sub-assembly stations, and lifters with shallow envelopes. Authorized Aventics distribution; manufacturer warranty included.
Requires Quote
Available for Purchase
Subject to factory lead times
Compact Cylinder - CCL-DA-063-0200-IS-0210032211AB00000-ACC R480699214. Air cylinder of compact ISO design, double-acting, bore 63 mm and stroke 200 mm. Selected for label applicators, marking heads, and reject mechanisms requiring short, fast cylinder strokes. Authorized Aventics distribution; manufacturer warranty included.
$788.56
Available for Purchase
Subject to factory lead times
Compact Cylinder - CCL-DA-063-0200-IS-0210032211BB00000-BAS R412015804. Compact pneumatic cylinder rated double-acting; 63 mm bore generates force across 200 mm of stroke length. Used on small-format machinery, dispensing heads, and probing stations where space is at a premium. Stocked through our authorized Aventics distribution channel.
$380.92
Available for Purchase
Subject to factory lead times
Compact Cylinder - CCL-DA-063-0406-IS-0240032211AB16500-ACC R481623296. Air cylinder of compact ISO design, double-acting, bore 63 mm and stroke 406 mm. Used on small-format machinery, dispensing heads, and probing stations where space is at a premium. Stocked through our authorized Aventics distribution channel.
$902.34
Available for Purchase
Subject to factory lead times
Compact Cylinder - CCL-DA-063-1000-IS-0210032215BB00000-BAS R412015808. Pneumatic compact cylinder of ISO 21287 construction; double-acting, 63 mm bore, 1000 mm stroke. Used on small-format machinery, dispensing heads, and probing stations where space is at a premium. Stocked through our authorized Aventics distribution channel.
$694.73
Available for Purchase
Subject to factory lead times
Compact Cylinder - CCL-DA-063-1100-IS-0210032215BB00000-BAS R412015809. double-acting compact cylinder, bore 63 mm × stroke 1100 mm, suited to fixturing, jigging, and similar tasks. Used on small-format machinery, dispensing heads, and probing stations where space is at a premium. Stocked through our authorized Aventics distribution channel.
$717.78
Available for Purchase
Subject to factory lead times
Compact Cylinder - CCL-DA-040-1000-IS-0210024211AB00000-ACC R481606085. Short-body pneumatic cylinder; double-acting, 40 mm bore, 1000 mm stroke for restricted-envelope installations. Integrates into precision fixtures, micro-clamping cells, and inline inspection equipment. Stocked through our authorized Aventics distribution channel.
$454.49
Available for Purchase
Subject to factory lead times
Compact Cylinder - CCL-DA-050-0030-IS-0210032211AB00000-BAS R480196846. Short-body pneumatic cylinder; double-acting, 50 mm bore, 30 mm stroke for restricted-envelope installations. Suited to small-machine integration, robotic effectors, and panel-mounted fixturing where depth is constrained. In stock through authorized Aventics distribution with full factory warranty.
$290.21
Available for Purchase
Subject to factory lead times
Compact Cylinder - CCL-DA-050-0060-IS-0210032211AB00000-BAS R480143485. ISO 21287 compact cylinder design, double-acting, bore 50 mm, stroke 60 mm, for assembly and packaging duty. Used on small-format machinery, dispensing heads, and probing stations where space is at a premium. Available from us as an authorized Aventics distributor with manufacturer warranty.
$296.50
Available for Purchase
Subject to factory lead times
Compact Cylinder - CCL-DA-050-0080-IS-A038 R414010873. Reduced-length compact cylinder (double-acting) at 50 mm × 80 mm bore × stroke for tight-package automation. Frequently selected for pick-and-place tooling, sub-assembly stations, and lifters with shallow envelopes. Authorized Aventics distribution; manufacturer warranty included.
Requires Quote
Available for Purchase
Subject to factory lead times
Compact Cylinder - CCL-DA-050-0125-IS-A092-A122 R404065992. double-acting compact cylinder, bore 50 mm × stroke 125 mm, suited to fixturing, jigging, and similar tasks. Deployed in test stands, automated inspection stations, and tight-package machine cells. Genuine Aventics part shipped through authorized distribution.
Requires Quote
Available for Purchase
Subject to factory lead times
Compact Cylinder - CCL-DA-050-0200-IS-0210032111AB00000-BAS R480687547. Compact ISO cylinder, double-acting, bore 50 mm × stroke 200 mm, for space-constrained pneumatic actuation. Used on small-format machinery, dispensing heads, and probing stations where space is at a premium. Stocked through our authorized Aventics distribution channel.
$325.83
Available for Purchase
Subject to factory lead times
Compact Cylinder - CCL-DA-050-0200-IS-0210032211BB00000-BAS R412015815. Reduced-length compact cylinder (double-acting) at 50 mm × 200 mm bore × stroke for tight-package automation. Deployed in test stands, automated inspection stations, and tight-package machine cells. Stocked through our authorized Aventics distribution channel.
$325.83
Available for Purchase
Subject to factory lead times
CCL Series Short-Stroke and Compact Cylinder. CCL-DA-050-0200-IS-0210032214AB00000-BAS, double acting. Aventics part number R481624098. Centro, Inc. is an authorized distributor of Aventics pneumatic components, ensuring you receive genuine parts backed by full manufacturer support and warranty.
$460.82
Available for Purchase
Subject to factory lead times
Compact Cylinder - CCL-DA-050-0200-IS-0210200111AB00000-ACC R481609002. double-acting compact cylinder, bore 50 mm × stroke 200 mm, suited to fixturing, jigging, and similar tasks. Deployed in test stands, automated inspection stations, and tight-package machine cells. In stock through authorized Aventics distribution with full factory warranty.
$403.47
Available for Purchase
Subject to factory lead times
Compact Cylinder - CCL-DA-050-0305-IS-0210032211AB00000-BAS R480684488. 50 mm bore compact cylinder providing double-acting linear motion over a 305 mm stroke in tight machine envelopes. Integrates into precision fixtures, micro-clamping cells, and inline inspection equipment. Genuine Aventics part shipped through authorized distribution.
$347.83
Available for Purchase
Subject to factory lead times
Compact Cylinder - CCL-DA-050-0355-IS-0210200231AB00000-BAS R480672073. ISO 21287 compact cylinder design, double-acting, bore 50 mm, stroke 355 mm, for assembly and packaging duty. Used in confined-space assembly stations, indexing tables, jigs, and short-travel positioning fixtures. Stocked through our authorized Aventics distribution channel.
$416.93
Available for Purchase
Subject to factory lead times
Compact Cylinder - CCL-DA-050-0356-IS-0240032211AB14500-ACC R481608775. A compact pneumatic cylinder (double-acting) with 50 mm bore and 356 mm stroke for short-stroke industrial use. Used on small-format machinery, dispensing heads, and probing stations where space is at a premium. Available from us as an authorized Aventics distributor with manufacturer warranty.
$768.16
Available for Purchase
Subject to factory lead times
Compact Cylinder - CCL-DA-050-0406-IS-0240032211AB14500-ACC R481606437. ISO 21287 compact cylinder, 50 mm bore × 406 mm stroke, double-acting, for confined-space linear duty. Common applications include short-stroke clamping, gating, fixturing, and end-of-arm tooling where mounting space is limited. Authorized Aventics distribution; manufacturer warranty included.
$778.64
Available for Purchase
Subject to factory lead times
Compact Cylinder - CCL-DA-050-0510-IS-0210200231AB00000-BAS R481601408. ISO 21287 compact cylinder design, double-acting, bore 50 mm, stroke 510 mm, for assembly and packaging duty. Common applications include short-stroke clamping, gating, fixturing, and end-of-arm tooling where mounting space is limited. Genuine Aventics part shipped through authorized distribution.
$449.41
Available for Purchase
Subject to factory lead times
Compact Cylinder - CCL-DA-050-1450-IS-0210032231AB00000-BAS R480193139. A compact pneumatic cylinder (double-acting) with 50 mm bore and 1450 mm stroke for short-stroke industrial use. Selected for label applicators, marking heads, and reject mechanisms requiring short, fast cylinder strokes. Stocked through our authorized Aventics distribution channel.
$646.35
Available for Purchase
Subject to factory lead times
Compact Cylinder - CCL-DA-063-0045-IS-ADJ. Stroke 35/45MM R404070188. Short-body pneumatic cylinder; double-acting, 63 mm bore, 45 mm stroke for restricted-envelope installations. Suited to small-machine integration, robotic effectors, and panel-mounted fixturing where depth is constrained. Authorized Aventics distribution; manufacturer warranty included.
Requires Quote
Available for Purchase
Subject to factory lead times
Compact Cylinder - CCL-DA-063-0050-IS-0210032211AB00000-BAS R480671389. Short-body pneumatic cylinder; double-acting, 63 mm bore, 50 mm stroke for restricted-envelope installations. Selected for label applicators, marking heads, and reject mechanisms requiring short, fast cylinder strokes. Stocked through our authorized Aventics distribution channel.
$346.35
Available for Purchase
Subject to factory lead times
Compact Cylinder - CCL-DA-063-0083-IS-0210032211AB00000-ACC R480173373. Short-body cylinder rated for double-acting operation; 63 mm bore and 83 mm stroke for clamping and short-travel positioning. Frequently selected for pick-and-place tooling, sub-assembly stations, and lifters with shallow envelopes. Genuine Aventics part shipped through authorized distribution.
$481.78
Available for Purchase
Subject to factory lead times
Compact Cylinder - CCL-DA-063-0125-IS-A038-A094 R414010874. Air cylinder of compact ISO design, double-acting, bore 63 mm and stroke 125 mm. Frequently selected for pick-and-place tooling, sub-assembly stations, and lifters with shallow envelopes. Authorized Aventics distribution; manufacturer warranty included.
Requires Quote
Available for Purchase
Subject to factory lead times
Compact Cylinder - CCL-DA-063-0200-IS-0210032211AB00000-ACC R480699214. Air cylinder of compact ISO design, double-acting, bore 63 mm and stroke 200 mm. Selected for label applicators, marking heads, and reject mechanisms requiring short, fast cylinder strokes. Authorized Aventics distribution; manufacturer warranty included.
$788.56
Available for Purchase
Subject to factory lead times
Compact Cylinder - CCL-DA-063-0200-IS-0210032211BB00000-BAS R412015804. Compact pneumatic cylinder rated double-acting; 63 mm bore generates force across 200 mm of stroke length. Used on small-format machinery, dispensing heads, and probing stations where space is at a premium. Stocked through our authorized Aventics distribution channel.
$380.92
Available for Purchase
Subject to factory lead times
Compact Cylinder - CCL-DA-063-0406-IS-0240032211AB16500-ACC R481623296. Air cylinder of compact ISO design, double-acting, bore 63 mm and stroke 406 mm. Used on small-format machinery, dispensing heads, and probing stations where space is at a premium. Stocked through our authorized Aventics distribution channel.
$902.34
Available for Purchase
Subject to factory lead times
Compact Cylinder - CCL-DA-063-1000-IS-0210032215BB00000-BAS R412015808. Pneumatic compact cylinder of ISO 21287 construction; double-acting, 63 mm bore, 1000 mm stroke. Used on small-format machinery, dispensing heads, and probing stations where space is at a premium. Stocked through our authorized Aventics distribution channel.
$694.73
Available for Purchase
Subject to factory lead times
Compact Cylinder - CCL-DA-063-1100-IS-0210032215BB00000-BAS R412015809. double-acting compact cylinder, bore 63 mm × stroke 1100 mm, suited to fixturing, jigging, and similar tasks. Used on small-format machinery, dispensing heads, and probing stations where space is at a premium. Stocked through our authorized Aventics distribution channel.
$717.78
Available for Purchase
Subject to factory lead times
FAQS
- A pneumatic linear cylinder (also called an air cylinder) is an actuator that uses compressed air to produce straight-line (linear) motion and force. It consists of a cylindrical bore (barrel), a piston that slides inside the bore, and a piston rod attached to the piston that extends through one end of the cylinder. When compressed air is directed into the cylinder on one side of the piston, the pressure acts on the piston area to create a force that pushes the piston and rod in a straight line. In a double-acting cylinder, air can be applied to either side of the piston to produce force in both the extend and retract directions. In a single-acting cylinder, air drives the piston in one direction and a spring returns it in the other. The force output depends on the bore size (piston area) and the air supply pressure — larger bores and higher pressures produce more force. Compact Automation linear cylinders available through Centro are offered in bore sizes from 3/4 inch to 8 inches, producing forces up to 5,030 pounds at 100 PSI, constructed of anodized aluminum with various mounting, rod end, and sensor options.
- A single-acting pneumatic cylinder uses compressed air to drive the piston in one direction (typically extend) and relies on an internal spring to return the piston in the opposite direction when air is exhausted. Single-acting cylinders require only one air line and a 3/2-way directional valve, making the pneumatic circuit simpler. However, the spring consumes some of the available force (the air must overcome the spring force in the power stroke), and the return stroke force is limited to the spring force. Single-acting cylinders are used for simple applications like clamping, ejecting, and pressing where force is needed in only one direction. A double-acting pneumatic cylinder uses compressed air on both sides of the piston — one port drives the piston forward (extend) and the other drives it backward (retract), with full air-powered force available in both directions. Double-acting cylinders require two air lines and a 5/2-way directional valve. They are the most common type used in industrial automation because they provide powered motion and force control in both directions, which is needed for most machine functions.
- The bore size determines the cylinder's force output at a given air pressure. To select the right bore size, first calculate the force needed to perform the work — this includes the force to move the load (weight times friction coefficient for horizontal motion, or weight for vertical lifting), any process force (pressing, clamping, punching), acceleration force (to bring the load up to speed within the available time), and any additional friction or resistance in the mechanism. Add a safety factor (typically 25-50% above the calculated force) to ensure reliable operation. Then calculate the bore size needed: Force = Pressure × Piston Area, so Piston Area = Force ÷ Pressure. From the piston area, calculate the bore diameter. Select the next standard bore size that meets or exceeds the required area. Standard bore sizes from Compact Automation available through Centro range from 3/4 inch to 8 inches. Always verify that the selected cylinder fits the available space and that the mounting and rod end configurations are compatible with the machine design.
- Pneumatic linear cylinders are available in numerous mounting styles to accommodate different machine designs and load orientations. Fixed mounts hold the cylinder body rigidly in place — these include nose mounting (threaded or flanged at the rod end), tail mounting (at the cap end), foot mounting (L-brackets or base plates bolted to the machine frame), and flange mounting (front or rear). Fixed mounts are used when the cylinder pushes or pulls in a straight line with no angular misalignment. Pivot mounts allow the cylinder body to swing in an arc as it operates — these include trunnion mounting (pivot pins on the sides of the cylinder), clevis mounting (a U-bracket at the cap end), and spherical bearing mounts. Pivot mounts are used when the cylinder drives a lever, linkage, or any mechanism where the load path changes angle as the cylinder extends. The correct mounting style depends on the application's load direction, whether the cylinder needs to pivot during operation, available space, and how the cylinder interfaces with the machine structure. Centro carries cylinders configurable with a wide variety of mounting styles.
- Repairable pneumatic cylinders are designed so that the internal wear components (piston seals, rod seals, piston, and rod bearing) can be accessed and replaced when they wear out, extending the cylinder's service life through multiple rebuild cycles. They typically have a tie-rod or threaded body construction that can be disassembled, and replacement seal kits are available from the manufacturer. Repairable cylinders are the standard choice for heavy-duty, high-cycle, or critical applications where the cylinder is expected to operate for years and periodic maintenance is more economical than replacement. Non-repairable pneumatic cylinders are constructed so that the body cannot be easily disassembled for internal repairs — when the seals wear out, the entire cylinder is replaced. They are typically smaller, lighter, and less expensive than repairable cylinders, constructed with stainless steel tubing and aluminum heads. Compact Automation offers non-repairable cylinders in bore sizes from 5/16 inch to 3 inches with forces up to 700 pounds at 100 PSI. Non-repairable cylinders are the standard choice for lighter-duty applications, smaller bore sizes, and installations where the lower initial cost and compact size outweigh the long-term economics of rebuild capability.