Linear Cylinders
Centro offers linear cylinders, also known as linear actuators or hydraulic/pneumatic cylinders, which are mechanical devices that convert energy into linear motion. They are widely used in various industries, including manufacturing, automation, construction, and transportation. Linear cylinders consist of a piston or plunger that moves back and forth within a cylindrical housing, generating linear force and motion. These cylinders are powered by hydraulic fluid or compressed air, which is supplied to one side of the cylinder to push the piston in one direction, while the other side vents or returns the fluid to complete the cycle. Linear cylinders come in different designs, such as single-acting (one-directional force) and double-acting (bi-directional force). They offer precise control over linear movement, allowing for precise positioning, lifting, pushing, pulling, and clamping applications. Linear cylinders are essential in various industrial processes, such as material handling, machine tooling, assembly lines, and heavy equipment operations. With their robust construction, reliable performance, and versatility, linear cylinders enable efficient and controlled linear motion in various applications.
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Profile & Tie Rod Cylinder - TRB-DA-040-0051-0-2-2-1-1-1-ACC R481611144. Provides double-acting linear motion with a 40 mm bore and 51 mm stroke, suited to pressing, clamping, and positioning. Used by machine builders for stamping, transfer, gating, and ejection duty across packaging, food, and industrial automation. Sold by us as a factory-authorized Aventics distributor.
$284.10
Available for Purchase
Subject to factory lead times
Profile & Tie Rod Cylinder - TRB-DA-040-0057-2-2-2-1-1-5-BAS R480636405. 40 mm-bore profile cylinder delivering double-acting thrust across 57 mm of travel for OEM machine integration. Used by machine builders for stamping, transfer, gating, and ejection duty across packaging, food, and industrial automation. In stock through authorized Aventics distribution with full factory warranty.
$372.45
Available for Purchase
Subject to factory lead times
Profile & Tie Rod Cylinder - TRB-DA-040-0080-0-2-1-1-2-1-BAS R480600282. double-acting profile cylinder dimensioned at 40 mm bore × 80 mm stroke for industrial linear-motion duty. Widely deployed in machine builds for door actuation, pressing, ejecting, and similar industrial linear-motion tasks. In stock through authorized Aventics distribution with full factory warranty.
$298.16
Available for Purchase
Subject to factory lead times
Profile & Tie Rod Cylinder - TRB-DA-040-0080-0-2-2-1-1-1-ACC R480688109. Air cylinder of profile/tie-rod construction; bore 40 mm, stroke 80 mm, double-acting operation. Found on assembly stations, fixturing jigs, and lift mechanisms where consistent linear stroke is needed. Available from us as an authorized Aventics distributor with manufacturer warranty.
$342.30
Available for Purchase
Subject to factory lead times
Profile & Tie Rod Cylinder - TRB-DA-040-0100-0-2-2-1-1-1-BAS R480672780. ISO profile cylinder with 40 mm bore producing double-acting force across 100 mm of guided travel. Common on web-handling, converting, and printing equipment where precise extend/retract motion drives a process step. Sold by us as a factory-authorized Aventics distributor.
$439.68
Available for Purchase
Subject to factory lead times
TRB Series Profile and Tie Rod Cylinder. TRB-DA-040-0102-0121136100000000000000-A, double acting. Aventics part number R481623998. As an authorized Aventics distributor, Centro, Inc. provides genuine pneumatic components with full manufacturer warranty and dedicated technical support.
$486.71
Available for Purchase
Subject to factory lead times
Profile & Tie Rod Cylinder - TRB-DA-040-0125-0-1-1-5-1-1-ACC R480608629. Industrial profile cylinder, double-acting, with bore 40 mm and stroke 125 mm for repeatable linear motion in machine builds. Integrates into automated welding, riveting, and clamp-fixture equipment requiring linear actuation. Stocked through our authorized Aventics distribution channel.
$2,985.14
Available for Purchase
Subject to factory lead times
Profile & Tie Rod Cylinder - TRB-DA-040-0125-0-2-2-1-1-1-ACC R480686767. A double-acting profile cylinder with a 40 mm bore and 125 mm stroke for guided linear actuation in industrial machinery. Frequently specified for clamping fixtures, lift gates, and material-pushing stations in continuous-process equipment. Stocked through our authorized Aventics distribution channel.
$298.71
Available for Purchase
Subject to factory lead times
Profile & Tie Rod Cylinder - TRB-DA-040-0140-0-2-2-1-1-1-ACC R481610907. 40 mm-bore profile cylinder delivering double-acting thrust across 140 mm of travel for OEM machine integration. Integrates into automated welding, riveting, and clamp-fixture equipment requiring linear actuation. Sold by us as a factory-authorized Aventics distributor.
$300.82
Available for Purchase
Subject to factory lead times
Profile & Tie Rod Cylinder - TRB-DA-040-0150-1-2-2-1-1-1-BAS R480624098. Profile cylinder rated for double-acting duty with bore 40 mm and stroke 150 mm for machine-build integration. Specified on cutting, slitting, and folding stations where consistent stroke timing is critical. Stocked through our authorized Aventics distribution channel.
$297.55
Available for Purchase
Subject to factory lead times
Profile & Tie Rod Cylinder - TRB-DA-040-0160-0-2-1-1-2-1-ACC R480644298. Pneumatic linear cylinder of profile design, double-acting, 40 mm bore, 160 mm stroke length. Used by machine builders for stamping, transfer, gating, and ejection duty across packaging, food, and industrial automation. Authorized Aventics distribution; manufacturer warranty included.
$369.84
Available for Purchase
Subject to factory lead times
Profile & Tie Rod Cylinder - TRB-DA-040-0160-0-2-1-1-2-1-BAS R480600285. Pneumatic linear cylinder of profile design, double-acting, 40 mm bore, 160 mm stroke length. Widely deployed in machine builds for door actuation, pressing, ejecting, and similar industrial linear-motion tasks. In stock through authorized Aventics distribution with full factory warranty.
$317.74
Available for Purchase
Subject to factory lead times
Profile & Tie Rod Cylinder - TRB-DA-040-0160-0122337300000000000000-B R434008829. Tie-rod construction cylinder rated for double-acting operation, 40 mm bore × 160 mm stroke. Specified on cutting, slitting, and folding stations where consistent stroke timing is critical. In stock through authorized Aventics distribution with full factory warranty.
Requires Quote
Available for Purchase
Subject to factory lead times
Profile & Tie Rod Cylinder - TRB-DA-040-0170-0-2-1-1-3-1-ACC R481602856. Standard ISO profile cylinder, double-acting, delivering 40 mm-bore force across a 170 mm working stroke. Found on assembly stations, fixturing jigs, and lift mechanisms where consistent linear stroke is needed. Authorized Aventics distribution; manufacturer warranty included.
$369.32
Available for Purchase
Subject to factory lead times
TRB Series Profile and Tie Rod Cylinder. TRB-DA-040-0170-0122131101000000000000-A, double acting. Aventics part number R481625566. Supplied by Centro, Inc., your authorized source for genuine Aventics pneumatic products with complete manufacturer warranty and support.
$358.34
Available for Purchase
Subject to factory lead times
Profile & Tie Rod Cylinder - TRB-DA-040-0190-1-1-2-1-1-1-ACC R480673386. Tie-rod cylinder with 40 mm bore, 190 mm stroke, sized for double-acting pneumatic duty on production equipment. Frequently specified for clamping fixtures, lift gates, and material-pushing stations in continuous-process equipment. Stocked through our authorized Aventics distribution channel.
$392.31
Available for Purchase
Subject to factory lead times
Profile & Tie Rod Cylinder - TRB-DA-040-0200-0-2-2-1-1-1-ACC R480655911. Industrial profile cylinder, double-acting, with bore 40 mm and stroke 200 mm for repeatable linear motion in machine builds. Suited to automation cells, indexing tables, and assembly fixtures requiring repeatable cylinder strokes under load. Stocked through our authorized Aventics distribution channel.
$468.66
Available for Purchase
Subject to factory lead times
Profile & Tie Rod Cylinder - TRB-DA-040-0200-0-2-2-5-1-1-BAS R480600898. ISO-style profile cylinder offering double-acting extension and retraction over a 200 mm stroke at 40 mm bore. Common applications include automated assembly, packaging machinery, materials handling, and OEM equipment where guided linear motion is required. Available from us as an authorized Aventics distributor with manufacturer warranty.
$283.97
Available for Purchase
Subject to factory lead times
Profile & Tie Rod Cylinder - TRB-DA-040-0203-0-2-1-1-2-1-BAS R480605595. Air cylinder of profile/tie-rod construction; bore 40 mm, stroke 203 mm, double-acting operation. Selected by OEMs for stamping presses, sealers, lift gates, and ejector mechanisms on automated lines. Genuine Aventics part shipped through authorized distribution.
$329.94
Available for Purchase
Subject to factory lead times
Profile & Tie Rod Cylinder - TRB-DA-040-0250-0-2-2-1-1-1-ACC R480614204. Heavy-duty double-acting profile cylinder; the 40 mm bore delivers force across a 250 mm stroke length. Selected by OEMs for stamping presses, sealers, lift gates, and ejector mechanisms on automated lines. Genuine Aventics part shipped through authorized distribution.
$301.81
Available for Purchase
Subject to factory lead times
Profile & Tie Rod Cylinder - TRB-DA-040-0250-0-2-2-1-1-1-ACC R480691765. Rated for double-acting cycling, this profile cylinder pairs a 40 mm bore with a 250 mm working stroke. Found on assembly stations, fixturing jigs, and lift mechanisms where consistent linear stroke is needed. In stock through authorized Aventics distribution with full factory warranty.
$335.01
Available for Purchase
Subject to factory lead times
Profile & Tie Rod Cylinder - TRB-DA-040-0300-0-2-1-1-2-1-ACC R480622837. double-acting profile cylinder dimensioned at 40 mm bore × 300 mm stroke for industrial linear-motion duty. Specified on cutting, slitting, and folding stations where consistent stroke timing is critical. Genuine Aventics part shipped through authorized distribution.
$376.34
Available for Purchase
Subject to factory lead times
TRB Series Profile and Tie Rod Cylinder. TRB-DA-040-0314-1122111100000000000000-B, double acting. Aventics part number R481625427. Centro, Inc. is a trusted authorized distributor for Aventics. Every component ships as a genuine part with full factory warranty.
$356.49
Available for Purchase
Subject to factory lead times
Profile & Tie Rod Cylinder - TRB-DA-040-0314-2-2-1-1-1-1-BAS R480644641. Profile and tie-rod cylinder, 40 mm bore × 314 mm stroke, designed for double-acting duty in automated equipment. Often integrated into press, clamp, and lifter stations on production lines, conveyor systems, and end-of-arm tooling. Stocked through our authorized Aventics distribution channel.
$337.68
Available for Purchase
Subject to factory lead times
Profile & Tie Rod Cylinder - TRB-DA-040-0051-0-2-2-1-1-1-ACC R481611144. Provides double-acting linear motion with a 40 mm bore and 51 mm stroke, suited to pressing, clamping, and positioning. Used by machine builders for stamping, transfer, gating, and ejection duty across packaging, food, and industrial automation. Sold by us as a factory-authorized Aventics distributor.
$284.10
Available for Purchase
Subject to factory lead times
Profile & Tie Rod Cylinder - TRB-DA-040-0057-2-2-2-1-1-5-BAS R480636405. 40 mm-bore profile cylinder delivering double-acting thrust across 57 mm of travel for OEM machine integration. Used by machine builders for stamping, transfer, gating, and ejection duty across packaging, food, and industrial automation. In stock through authorized Aventics distribution with full factory warranty.
$372.45
Available for Purchase
Subject to factory lead times
Profile & Tie Rod Cylinder - TRB-DA-040-0080-0-2-1-1-2-1-BAS R480600282. double-acting profile cylinder dimensioned at 40 mm bore × 80 mm stroke for industrial linear-motion duty. Widely deployed in machine builds for door actuation, pressing, ejecting, and similar industrial linear-motion tasks. In stock through authorized Aventics distribution with full factory warranty.
$298.16
Available for Purchase
Subject to factory lead times
Profile & Tie Rod Cylinder - TRB-DA-040-0080-0-2-2-1-1-1-ACC R480688109. Air cylinder of profile/tie-rod construction; bore 40 mm, stroke 80 mm, double-acting operation. Found on assembly stations, fixturing jigs, and lift mechanisms where consistent linear stroke is needed. Available from us as an authorized Aventics distributor with manufacturer warranty.
$342.30
Available for Purchase
Subject to factory lead times
Profile & Tie Rod Cylinder - TRB-DA-040-0100-0-2-2-1-1-1-BAS R480672780. ISO profile cylinder with 40 mm bore producing double-acting force across 100 mm of guided travel. Common on web-handling, converting, and printing equipment where precise extend/retract motion drives a process step. Sold by us as a factory-authorized Aventics distributor.
$439.68
Available for Purchase
Subject to factory lead times
TRB Series Profile and Tie Rod Cylinder. TRB-DA-040-0102-0121136100000000000000-A, double acting. Aventics part number R481623998. As an authorized Aventics distributor, Centro, Inc. provides genuine pneumatic components with full manufacturer warranty and dedicated technical support.
$486.71
Available for Purchase
Subject to factory lead times
Profile & Tie Rod Cylinder - TRB-DA-040-0125-0-1-1-5-1-1-ACC R480608629. Industrial profile cylinder, double-acting, with bore 40 mm and stroke 125 mm for repeatable linear motion in machine builds. Integrates into automated welding, riveting, and clamp-fixture equipment requiring linear actuation. Stocked through our authorized Aventics distribution channel.
$2,985.14
Available for Purchase
Subject to factory lead times
Profile & Tie Rod Cylinder - TRB-DA-040-0125-0-2-2-1-1-1-ACC R480686767. A double-acting profile cylinder with a 40 mm bore and 125 mm stroke for guided linear actuation in industrial machinery. Frequently specified for clamping fixtures, lift gates, and material-pushing stations in continuous-process equipment. Stocked through our authorized Aventics distribution channel.
$298.71
Available for Purchase
Subject to factory lead times
Profile & Tie Rod Cylinder - TRB-DA-040-0140-0-2-2-1-1-1-ACC R481610907. 40 mm-bore profile cylinder delivering double-acting thrust across 140 mm of travel for OEM machine integration. Integrates into automated welding, riveting, and clamp-fixture equipment requiring linear actuation. Sold by us as a factory-authorized Aventics distributor.
$300.82
Available for Purchase
Subject to factory lead times
Profile & Tie Rod Cylinder - TRB-DA-040-0150-1-2-2-1-1-1-BAS R480624098. Profile cylinder rated for double-acting duty with bore 40 mm and stroke 150 mm for machine-build integration. Specified on cutting, slitting, and folding stations where consistent stroke timing is critical. Stocked through our authorized Aventics distribution channel.
$297.55
Available for Purchase
Subject to factory lead times
Profile & Tie Rod Cylinder - TRB-DA-040-0160-0-2-1-1-2-1-ACC R480644298. Pneumatic linear cylinder of profile design, double-acting, 40 mm bore, 160 mm stroke length. Used by machine builders for stamping, transfer, gating, and ejection duty across packaging, food, and industrial automation. Authorized Aventics distribution; manufacturer warranty included.
$369.84
Available for Purchase
Subject to factory lead times
Profile & Tie Rod Cylinder - TRB-DA-040-0160-0-2-1-1-2-1-BAS R480600285. Pneumatic linear cylinder of profile design, double-acting, 40 mm bore, 160 mm stroke length. Widely deployed in machine builds for door actuation, pressing, ejecting, and similar industrial linear-motion tasks. In stock through authorized Aventics distribution with full factory warranty.
$317.74
Available for Purchase
Subject to factory lead times
Profile & Tie Rod Cylinder - TRB-DA-040-0160-0122337300000000000000-B R434008829. Tie-rod construction cylinder rated for double-acting operation, 40 mm bore × 160 mm stroke. Specified on cutting, slitting, and folding stations where consistent stroke timing is critical. In stock through authorized Aventics distribution with full factory warranty.
Requires Quote
Available for Purchase
Subject to factory lead times
Profile & Tie Rod Cylinder - TRB-DA-040-0170-0-2-1-1-3-1-ACC R481602856. Standard ISO profile cylinder, double-acting, delivering 40 mm-bore force across a 170 mm working stroke. Found on assembly stations, fixturing jigs, and lift mechanisms where consistent linear stroke is needed. Authorized Aventics distribution; manufacturer warranty included.
$369.32
Available for Purchase
Subject to factory lead times
TRB Series Profile and Tie Rod Cylinder. TRB-DA-040-0170-0122131101000000000000-A, double acting. Aventics part number R481625566. Supplied by Centro, Inc., your authorized source for genuine Aventics pneumatic products with complete manufacturer warranty and support.
$358.34
Available for Purchase
Subject to factory lead times
Profile & Tie Rod Cylinder - TRB-DA-040-0190-1-1-2-1-1-1-ACC R480673386. Tie-rod cylinder with 40 mm bore, 190 mm stroke, sized for double-acting pneumatic duty on production equipment. Frequently specified for clamping fixtures, lift gates, and material-pushing stations in continuous-process equipment. Stocked through our authorized Aventics distribution channel.
$392.31
Available for Purchase
Subject to factory lead times
Profile & Tie Rod Cylinder - TRB-DA-040-0200-0-2-2-1-1-1-ACC R480655911. Industrial profile cylinder, double-acting, with bore 40 mm and stroke 200 mm for repeatable linear motion in machine builds. Suited to automation cells, indexing tables, and assembly fixtures requiring repeatable cylinder strokes under load. Stocked through our authorized Aventics distribution channel.
$468.66
Available for Purchase
Subject to factory lead times
Profile & Tie Rod Cylinder - TRB-DA-040-0200-0-2-2-5-1-1-BAS R480600898. ISO-style profile cylinder offering double-acting extension and retraction over a 200 mm stroke at 40 mm bore. Common applications include automated assembly, packaging machinery, materials handling, and OEM equipment where guided linear motion is required. Available from us as an authorized Aventics distributor with manufacturer warranty.
$283.97
Available for Purchase
Subject to factory lead times
Profile & Tie Rod Cylinder - TRB-DA-040-0203-0-2-1-1-2-1-BAS R480605595. Air cylinder of profile/tie-rod construction; bore 40 mm, stroke 203 mm, double-acting operation. Selected by OEMs for stamping presses, sealers, lift gates, and ejector mechanisms on automated lines. Genuine Aventics part shipped through authorized distribution.
$329.94
Available for Purchase
Subject to factory lead times
Profile & Tie Rod Cylinder - TRB-DA-040-0250-0-2-2-1-1-1-ACC R480614204. Heavy-duty double-acting profile cylinder; the 40 mm bore delivers force across a 250 mm stroke length. Selected by OEMs for stamping presses, sealers, lift gates, and ejector mechanisms on automated lines. Genuine Aventics part shipped through authorized distribution.
$301.81
Available for Purchase
Subject to factory lead times
Profile & Tie Rod Cylinder - TRB-DA-040-0250-0-2-2-1-1-1-ACC R480691765. Rated for double-acting cycling, this profile cylinder pairs a 40 mm bore with a 250 mm working stroke. Found on assembly stations, fixturing jigs, and lift mechanisms where consistent linear stroke is needed. In stock through authorized Aventics distribution with full factory warranty.
$335.01
Available for Purchase
Subject to factory lead times
Profile & Tie Rod Cylinder - TRB-DA-040-0300-0-2-1-1-2-1-ACC R480622837. double-acting profile cylinder dimensioned at 40 mm bore × 300 mm stroke for industrial linear-motion duty. Specified on cutting, slitting, and folding stations where consistent stroke timing is critical. Genuine Aventics part shipped through authorized distribution.
$376.34
Available for Purchase
Subject to factory lead times
TRB Series Profile and Tie Rod Cylinder. TRB-DA-040-0314-1122111100000000000000-B, double acting. Aventics part number R481625427. Centro, Inc. is a trusted authorized distributor for Aventics. Every component ships as a genuine part with full factory warranty.
$356.49
Available for Purchase
Subject to factory lead times
Profile & Tie Rod Cylinder - TRB-DA-040-0314-2-2-1-1-1-1-BAS R480644641. Profile and tie-rod cylinder, 40 mm bore × 314 mm stroke, designed for double-acting duty in automated equipment. Often integrated into press, clamp, and lifter stations on production lines, conveyor systems, and end-of-arm tooling. Stocked through our authorized Aventics distribution channel.
$337.68
Available for Purchase
Subject to factory lead times
FAQS
- A pneumatic linear cylinder (also called an air cylinder) is an actuator that uses compressed air to produce straight-line (linear) motion and force. It consists of a cylindrical bore (barrel), a piston that slides inside the bore, and a piston rod attached to the piston that extends through one end of the cylinder. When compressed air is directed into the cylinder on one side of the piston, the pressure acts on the piston area to create a force that pushes the piston and rod in a straight line. In a double-acting cylinder, air can be applied to either side of the piston to produce force in both the extend and retract directions. In a single-acting cylinder, air drives the piston in one direction and a spring returns it in the other. The force output depends on the bore size (piston area) and the air supply pressure — larger bores and higher pressures produce more force. Compact Automation linear cylinders available through Centro are offered in bore sizes from 3/4 inch to 8 inches, producing forces up to 5,030 pounds at 100 PSI, constructed of anodized aluminum with various mounting, rod end, and sensor options.
- A single-acting pneumatic cylinder uses compressed air to drive the piston in one direction (typically extend) and relies on an internal spring to return the piston in the opposite direction when air is exhausted. Single-acting cylinders require only one air line and a 3/2-way directional valve, making the pneumatic circuit simpler. However, the spring consumes some of the available force (the air must overcome the spring force in the power stroke), and the return stroke force is limited to the spring force. Single-acting cylinders are used for simple applications like clamping, ejecting, and pressing where force is needed in only one direction. A double-acting pneumatic cylinder uses compressed air on both sides of the piston — one port drives the piston forward (extend) and the other drives it backward (retract), with full air-powered force available in both directions. Double-acting cylinders require two air lines and a 5/2-way directional valve. They are the most common type used in industrial automation because they provide powered motion and force control in both directions, which is needed for most machine functions.
- The bore size determines the cylinder's force output at a given air pressure. To select the right bore size, first calculate the force needed to perform the work — this includes the force to move the load (weight times friction coefficient for horizontal motion, or weight for vertical lifting), any process force (pressing, clamping, punching), acceleration force (to bring the load up to speed within the available time), and any additional friction or resistance in the mechanism. Add a safety factor (typically 25-50% above the calculated force) to ensure reliable operation. Then calculate the bore size needed: Force = Pressure × Piston Area, so Piston Area = Force ÷ Pressure. From the piston area, calculate the bore diameter. Select the next standard bore size that meets or exceeds the required area. Standard bore sizes from Compact Automation available through Centro range from 3/4 inch to 8 inches. Always verify that the selected cylinder fits the available space and that the mounting and rod end configurations are compatible with the machine design.
- Pneumatic linear cylinders are available in numerous mounting styles to accommodate different machine designs and load orientations. Fixed mounts hold the cylinder body rigidly in place — these include nose mounting (threaded or flanged at the rod end), tail mounting (at the cap end), foot mounting (L-brackets or base plates bolted to the machine frame), and flange mounting (front or rear). Fixed mounts are used when the cylinder pushes or pulls in a straight line with no angular misalignment. Pivot mounts allow the cylinder body to swing in an arc as it operates — these include trunnion mounting (pivot pins on the sides of the cylinder), clevis mounting (a U-bracket at the cap end), and spherical bearing mounts. Pivot mounts are used when the cylinder drives a lever, linkage, or any mechanism where the load path changes angle as the cylinder extends. The correct mounting style depends on the application's load direction, whether the cylinder needs to pivot during operation, available space, and how the cylinder interfaces with the machine structure. Centro carries cylinders configurable with a wide variety of mounting styles.
- Repairable pneumatic cylinders are designed so that the internal wear components (piston seals, rod seals, piston, and rod bearing) can be accessed and replaced when they wear out, extending the cylinder's service life through multiple rebuild cycles. They typically have a tie-rod or threaded body construction that can be disassembled, and replacement seal kits are available from the manufacturer. Repairable cylinders are the standard choice for heavy-duty, high-cycle, or critical applications where the cylinder is expected to operate for years and periodic maintenance is more economical than replacement. Non-repairable pneumatic cylinders are constructed so that the body cannot be easily disassembled for internal repairs — when the seals wear out, the entire cylinder is replaced. They are typically smaller, lighter, and less expensive than repairable cylinders, constructed with stainless steel tubing and aluminum heads. Compact Automation offers non-repairable cylinders in bore sizes from 5/16 inch to 3 inches with forces up to 700 pounds at 100 PSI. Non-repairable cylinders are the standard choice for lighter-duty applications, smaller bore sizes, and installations where the lower initial cost and compact size outweigh the long-term economics of rebuild capability.