Flow Control Accessories

The KOBOLD ZUB M12 electrical connection accessories provide comprehensive connectivity solutions for industrial instrumentation with high-quality cables and connectors engineered to IEC 61076-2-101 standards for reliable power and signal transmission. Available in 4-pin, 5-pin, and 8-pin configurations with both straight and 90° angled orientations, these robust accessories feature nickel-plated brass coupling nuts, PUR molded bodies, and FKM O-rings for exceptional durability in demanding environments from -40°F to 194°F. The precision-manufactured connectors offer multiple cable length options including 2m, 5m, and 10m (with custom lengths available) to accommodate diverse installation requirements while maintaining IP67 protection for reliable outdoor and washdown applications. Constructed with PVC jacketed cables and color-coded wire assignments, these accessories simplify field wiring and troubleshooting while supporting voltage ratings up to 250V and current ratings to 4A depending on pin configuration. Whether connecting flow meters, pressure transmitters, temperature sensors, or other process instrumentation, the ZUB series delivers professional-grade electrical connections that ensure long-term signal integrity and system reliability in industrial automation and process control applications.

The KOBOLD ZUB M12 electrical connection accessories provide comprehensive connectivity solutions for industrial instrumentation with high-quality cables and connectors engineered to IEC 61076-2-101 standards for reliable power and signal transmission. Available in 4-pin, 5-pin, and 8-pin configurations with both straight and 90° angled orientations, these robust accessories feature nickel-plated brass coupling nuts, PUR molded bodies, and FKM O-rings for exceptional durability in demanding environments from -40°F to 194°F. The precision-manufactured connectors offer multiple cable length options including 2m, 5m, and 10m (with custom lengths available) to accommodate diverse installation requirements while maintaining IP67 protection for reliable outdoor and washdown applications. Constructed with PVC jacketed cables and color-coded wire assignments, these accessories simplify field wiring and troubleshooting while supporting voltage ratings up to 250V and current ratings to 4A depending on pin configuration. Whether connecting flow meters, pressure transmitters, temperature sensors, or other process instrumentation, the ZUB series delivers professional-grade electrical connections that ensure long-term signal integrity and system reliability in industrial automation and process control applications.

The KOBOLD ZUB M12 electrical connection accessories provide comprehensive connectivity solutions for industrial instrumentation with high-quality cables and connectors engineered to IEC 61076-2-101 standards for reliable power and signal transmission. Available in 4-pin, 5-pin, and 8-pin configurations with both straight and 90° angled orientations, these robust accessories feature nickel-plated brass coupling nuts, PUR molded bodies, and FKM O-rings for exceptional durability in demanding environments from -40°F to 194°F. The precision-manufactured connectors offer multiple cable length options including 2m, 5m, and 10m (with custom lengths available) to accommodate diverse installation requirements while maintaining IP67 protection for reliable outdoor and washdown applications. Constructed with PVC jacketed cables and color-coded wire assignments, these accessories simplify field wiring and troubleshooting while supporting voltage ratings up to 250V and current ratings to 4A depending on pin configuration. Whether connecting flow meters, pressure transmitters, temperature sensors, or other process instrumentation, the ZUB series delivers professional-grade electrical connections that ensure long-term signal integrity and system reliability in industrial automation and process control applications.

The KOBOLD ZUB M12 electrical connection accessories provide comprehensive connectivity solutions for industrial instrumentation with high-quality cables and connectors engineered to IEC 61076-2-101 standards for reliable power and signal transmission. Available in 4-pin, 5-pin, and 8-pin configurations with both straight and 90° angled orientations, these robust accessories feature nickel-plated brass coupling nuts, PUR molded bodies, and FKM O-rings for exceptional durability in demanding environments from -40°F to 194°F. The precision-manufactured connectors offer multiple cable length options including 2m, 5m, and 10m (with custom lengths available) to accommodate diverse installation requirements while maintaining IP67 protection for reliable outdoor and washdown applications. Constructed with PVC jacketed cables and color-coded wire assignments, these accessories simplify field wiring and troubleshooting while supporting voltage ratings up to 250V and current ratings to 4A depending on pin configuration. Whether connecting flow meters, pressure transmitters, temperature sensors, or other process instrumentation, the ZUB series delivers professional-grade electrical connections that ensure long-term signal integrity and system reliability in industrial automation and process control applications.

The KOBOLD ZUB M12 electrical connection accessories provide comprehensive connectivity solutions for industrial instrumentation with high-quality cables and connectors engineered to IEC 61076-2-101 standards for reliable power and signal transmission. Available in 4-pin, 5-pin, and 8-pin configurations with both straight and 90° angled orientations, these robust accessories feature nickel-plated brass coupling nuts, PUR molded bodies, and FKM O-rings for exceptional durability in demanding environments from -40°F to 194°F. The precision-manufactured connectors offer multiple cable length options including 2m, 5m, and 10m (with custom lengths available) to accommodate diverse installation requirements while maintaining IP67 protection for reliable outdoor and washdown applications. Constructed with PVC jacketed cables and color-coded wire assignments, these accessories simplify field wiring and troubleshooting while supporting voltage ratings up to 250V and current ratings to 4A depending on pin configuration. Whether connecting flow meters, pressure transmitters, temperature sensors, or other process instrumentation, the ZUB series delivers professional-grade electrical connections that ensure long-term signal integrity and system reliability in industrial automation and process control applications.

The KOBOLD ZUB M12 electrical connection accessories provide comprehensive connectivity solutions for industrial instrumentation with high-quality cables and connectors engineered to IEC 61076-2-101 standards for reliable power and signal transmission. Available in 4-pin, 5-pin, and 8-pin configurations with both straight and 90° angled orientations, these robust accessories feature nickel-plated brass coupling nuts, PUR molded bodies, and FKM O-rings for exceptional durability in demanding environments from -40°F to 194°F. The precision-manufactured connectors offer multiple cable length options including 2m, 5m, and 10m (with custom lengths available) to accommodate diverse installation requirements while maintaining IP67 protection for reliable outdoor and washdown applications. Constructed with PVC jacketed cables and color-coded wire assignments, these accessories simplify field wiring and troubleshooting while supporting voltage ratings up to 250V and current ratings to 4A depending on pin configuration. Whether connecting flow meters, pressure transmitters, temperature sensors, or other process instrumentation, the ZUB series delivers professional-grade electrical connections that ensure long-term signal integrity and system reliability in industrial automation and process control applications.

The KOBOLD ZUB M12 electrical connection accessories provide comprehensive connectivity solutions for industrial instrumentation with high-quality cables and connectors engineered to IEC 61076-2-101 standards for reliable power and signal transmission. Available in 4-pin, 5-pin, and 8-pin configurations with both straight and 90° angled orientations, these robust accessories feature nickel-plated brass coupling nuts, PUR molded bodies, and FKM O-rings for exceptional durability in demanding environments from -40°F to 194°F. The precision-manufactured connectors offer multiple cable length options including 2m, 5m, and 10m (with custom lengths available) to accommodate diverse installation requirements while maintaining IP67 protection for reliable outdoor and washdown applications. Constructed with PVC jacketed cables and color-coded wire assignments, these accessories simplify field wiring and troubleshooting while supporting voltage ratings up to 250V and current ratings to 4A depending on pin configuration. Whether connecting flow meters, pressure transmitters, temperature sensors, or other process instrumentation, the ZUB series delivers professional-grade electrical connections that ensure long-term signal integrity and system reliability in industrial automation and process control applications.

The KOBOLD ZUB M12 electrical connection accessories provide comprehensive connectivity solutions for industrial instrumentation with high-quality cables and connectors engineered to IEC 61076-2-101 standards for reliable power and signal transmission. Available in 4-pin, 5-pin, and 8-pin configurations with both straight and 90° angled orientations, these robust accessories feature nickel-plated brass coupling nuts, PUR molded bodies, and FKM O-rings for exceptional durability in demanding environments from -40°F to 194°F. The precision-manufactured connectors offer multiple cable length options including 2m, 5m, and 10m (with custom lengths available) to accommodate diverse installation requirements while maintaining IP67 protection for reliable outdoor and washdown applications. Constructed with PVC jacketed cables and color-coded wire assignments, these accessories simplify field wiring and troubleshooting while supporting voltage ratings up to 250V and current ratings to 4A depending on pin configuration. Whether connecting flow meters, pressure transmitters, temperature sensors, or other process instrumentation, the ZUB series delivers professional-grade electrical connections that ensure long-term signal integrity and system reliability in industrial automation and process control applications.

The KOBOLD ZUB M12 electrical connection accessories provide comprehensive connectivity solutions for industrial instrumentation with high-quality cables and connectors engineered to IEC 61076-2-101 standards for reliable power and signal transmission. Available in 4-pin, 5-pin, and 8-pin configurations with both straight and 90° angled orientations, these robust accessories feature nickel-plated brass coupling nuts, PUR molded bodies, and FKM O-rings for exceptional durability in demanding environments from -40°F to 194°F. The precision-manufactured connectors offer multiple cable length options including 2m, 5m, and 10m (with custom lengths available) to accommodate diverse installation requirements while maintaining IP67 protection for reliable outdoor and washdown applications. Constructed with PVC jacketed cables and color-coded wire assignments, these accessories simplify field wiring and troubleshooting while supporting voltage ratings up to 250V and current ratings to 4A depending on pin configuration. Whether connecting flow meters, pressure transmitters, temperature sensors, or other process instrumentation, the ZUB series delivers professional-grade electrical connections that ensure long-term signal integrity and system reliability in industrial automation and process control applications.

The KOBOLD ZUB M12 electrical connection accessories provide comprehensive connectivity solutions for industrial instrumentation with high-quality cables and connectors engineered to IEC 61076-2-101 standards for reliable power and signal transmission. Available in 4-pin, 5-pin, and 8-pin configurations with both straight and 90° angled orientations, these robust accessories feature nickel-plated brass coupling nuts, PUR molded bodies, and FKM O-rings for exceptional durability in demanding environments from -40°F to 194°F. The precision-manufactured connectors offer multiple cable length options including 2m, 5m, and 10m (with custom lengths available) to accommodate diverse installation requirements while maintaining IP67 protection for reliable outdoor and washdown applications. Constructed with PVC jacketed cables and color-coded wire assignments, these accessories simplify field wiring and troubleshooting while supporting voltage ratings up to 250V and current ratings to 4A depending on pin configuration. Whether connecting flow meters, pressure transmitters, temperature sensors, or other process instrumentation, the ZUB series delivers professional-grade electrical connections that ensure long-term signal integrity and system reliability in industrial automation and process control applications.

The KOBOLD ZUB M12 electrical connection accessories provide comprehensive connectivity solutions for industrial instrumentation with high-quality cables and connectors engineered to IEC 61076-2-101 standards for reliable power and signal transmission. Available in 4-pin, 5-pin, and 8-pin configurations with both straight and 90° angled orientations, these robust accessories feature nickel-plated brass coupling nuts, PUR molded bodies, and FKM O-rings for exceptional durability in demanding environments from -40°F to 194°F. The precision-manufactured connectors offer multiple cable length options including 2m, 5m, and 10m (with custom lengths available) to accommodate diverse installation requirements while maintaining IP67 protection for reliable outdoor and washdown applications. Constructed with PVC jacketed cables and color-coded wire assignments, these accessories simplify field wiring and troubleshooting while supporting voltage ratings up to 250V and current ratings to 4A depending on pin configuration. Whether connecting flow meters, pressure transmitters, temperature sensors, or other process instrumentation, the ZUB series delivers professional-grade electrical connections that ensure long-term signal integrity and system reliability in industrial automation and process control applications.

The KOBOLD ZUB M12 electrical connection accessories provide comprehensive connectivity solutions for industrial instrumentation with high-quality cables and connectors engineered to IEC 61076-2-101 standards for reliable power and signal transmission. Available in 4-pin, 5-pin, and 8-pin configurations with both straight and 90° angled orientations, these robust accessories feature nickel-plated brass coupling nuts, PUR molded bodies, and FKM O-rings for exceptional durability in demanding environments from -40°F to 194°F. The precision-manufactured connectors offer multiple cable length options including 2m, 5m, and 10m (with custom lengths available) to accommodate diverse installation requirements while maintaining IP67 protection for reliable outdoor and washdown applications. Constructed with PVC jacketed cables and color-coded wire assignments, these accessories simplify field wiring and troubleshooting while supporting voltage ratings up to 250V and current ratings to 4A depending on pin configuration. Whether connecting flow meters, pressure transmitters, temperature sensors, or other process instrumentation, the ZUB series delivers professional-grade electrical connections that ensure long-term signal integrity and system reliability in industrial automation and process control applications.

The KOBOLD ZUB M12 electrical connection accessories provide comprehensive connectivity solutions for industrial instrumentation with high-quality cables and connectors engineered to IEC 61076-2-101 standards for reliable power and signal transmission. Available in 4-pin, 5-pin, and 8-pin configurations with both straight and 90° angled orientations, these robust accessories feature nickel-plated brass coupling nuts, PUR molded bodies, and FKM O-rings for exceptional durability in demanding environments from -40°F to 194°F. The precision-manufactured connectors offer multiple cable length options including 2m, 5m, and 10m (with custom lengths available) to accommodate diverse installation requirements while maintaining IP67 protection for reliable outdoor and washdown applications. Constructed with PVC jacketed cables and color-coded wire assignments, these accessories simplify field wiring and troubleshooting while supporting voltage ratings up to 250V and current ratings to 4A depending on pin configuration. Whether connecting flow meters, pressure transmitters, temperature sensors, or other process instrumentation, the ZUB series delivers professional-grade electrical connections that ensure long-term signal integrity and system reliability in industrial automation and process control applications.

The KOBOLD ZUB M12 electrical connection accessories provide comprehensive connectivity solutions for industrial instrumentation with high-quality cables and connectors engineered to IEC 61076-2-101 standards for reliable power and signal transmission. Available in 4-pin, 5-pin, and 8-pin configurations with both straight and 90° angled orientations, these robust accessories feature nickel-plated brass coupling nuts, PUR molded bodies, and FKM O-rings for exceptional durability in demanding environments from -40°F to 194°F. The precision-manufactured connectors offer multiple cable length options including 2m, 5m, and 10m (with custom lengths available) to accommodate diverse installation requirements while maintaining IP67 protection for reliable outdoor and washdown applications. Constructed with PVC jacketed cables and color-coded wire assignments, these accessories simplify field wiring and troubleshooting while supporting voltage ratings up to 250V and current ratings to 4A depending on pin configuration. Whether connecting flow meters, pressure transmitters, temperature sensors, or other process instrumentation, the ZUB series delivers professional-grade electrical connections that ensure long-term signal integrity and system reliability in industrial automation and process control applications.

The KOBOLD ZUB M12 electrical connection accessories provide comprehensive connectivity solutions for industrial instrumentation with high-quality cables and connectors engineered to IEC 61076-2-101 standards for reliable power and signal transmission. Available in 4-pin, 5-pin, and 8-pin configurations with both straight and 90° angled orientations, these robust accessories feature nickel-plated brass coupling nuts, PUR molded bodies, and FKM O-rings for exceptional durability in demanding environments from -40°F to 194°F. The precision-manufactured connectors offer multiple cable length options including 2m, 5m, and 10m (with custom lengths available) to accommodate diverse installation requirements while maintaining IP67 protection for reliable outdoor and washdown applications. Constructed with PVC jacketed cables and color-coded wire assignments, these accessories simplify field wiring and troubleshooting while supporting voltage ratings up to 250V and current ratings to 4A depending on pin configuration. Whether connecting flow meters, pressure transmitters, temperature sensors, or other process instrumentation, the ZUB series delivers professional-grade electrical connections that ensure long-term signal integrity and system reliability in industrial automation and process control applications.

The KOBOLD ZUB M12 electrical connection accessories provide comprehensive connectivity solutions for industrial instrumentation with high-quality cables and connectors engineered to IEC 61076-2-101 standards for reliable power and signal transmission. Available in 4-pin, 5-pin, and 8-pin configurations with both straight and 90° angled orientations, these robust accessories feature nickel-plated brass coupling nuts, PUR molded bodies, and FKM O-rings for exceptional durability in demanding environments from -40°F to 194°F. The precision-manufactured connectors offer multiple cable length options including 2m, 5m, and 10m (with custom lengths available) to accommodate diverse installation requirements while maintaining IP67 protection for reliable outdoor and washdown applications. Constructed with PVC jacketed cables and color-coded wire assignments, these accessories simplify field wiring and troubleshooting while supporting voltage ratings up to 250V and current ratings to 4A depending on pin configuration. Whether connecting flow meters, pressure transmitters, temperature sensors, or other process instrumentation, the ZUB series delivers professional-grade electrical connections that ensure long-term signal integrity and system reliability in industrial automation and process control applications.

The KOBOLD ZUB M12 electrical connection accessories provide comprehensive connectivity solutions for industrial instrumentation with high-quality cables and connectors engineered to IEC 61076-2-101 standards for reliable power and signal transmission. Available in 4-pin, 5-pin, and 8-pin configurations with both straight and 90° angled orientations, these robust accessories feature nickel-plated brass coupling nuts, PUR molded bodies, and FKM O-rings for exceptional durability in demanding environments from -40°F to 194°F. The precision-manufactured connectors offer multiple cable length options including 2m, 5m, and 10m (with custom lengths available) to accommodate diverse installation requirements while maintaining IP67 protection for reliable outdoor and washdown applications. Constructed with PVC jacketed cables and color-coded wire assignments, these accessories simplify field wiring and troubleshooting while supporting voltage ratings up to 250V and current ratings to 4A depending on pin configuration. Whether connecting flow meters, pressure transmitters, temperature sensors, or other process instrumentation, the ZUB series delivers professional-grade electrical connections that ensure long-term signal integrity and system reliability in industrial automation and process control applications.

The KOBOLD ZUB M12 electrical connection accessories provide comprehensive connectivity solutions for industrial instrumentation with high-quality cables and connectors engineered to IEC 61076-2-101 standards for reliable power and signal transmission. Available in 4-pin, 5-pin, and 8-pin configurations with both straight and 90° angled orientations, these robust accessories feature nickel-plated brass coupling nuts, PUR molded bodies, and FKM O-rings for exceptional durability in demanding environments from -40°F to 194°F. The precision-manufactured connectors offer multiple cable length options including 2m, 5m, and 10m (with custom lengths available) to accommodate diverse installation requirements while maintaining IP67 protection for reliable outdoor and washdown applications. Constructed with PVC jacketed cables and color-coded wire assignments, these accessories simplify field wiring and troubleshooting while supporting voltage ratings up to 250V and current ratings to 4A depending on pin configuration. Whether connecting flow meters, pressure transmitters, temperature sensors, or other process instrumentation, the ZUB series delivers professional-grade electrical connections that ensure long-term signal integrity and system reliability in industrial automation and process control applications.

The KOBOLD AUF compact local electronic display transforms any 4-20 mA transmitter into a complete monitoring solution through its innovative sandwich-style design that installs effortlessly between existing EN 175301-803 Form A connectors without requiring additional wiring or power supplies. This intelligent display unit draws its power directly from the current loop while providing a clear 4-digit red LED readout with programmable scaling, decimal point positioning, and adjustable gate time—all configured through simple two-button menu navigation that stores settings permanently in non-volatile EEPROM memory. Available in multiple configurations including standard 2-wire operation, 3-wire compatibility, and optional open collector output for limit switching applications, the AUF accommodates diverse process monitoring requirements across flow, pressure, level, and temperature measurements with exceptional 0.2% accuracy. The rugged orange plastic housing with IP65 protection withstands industrial environments from 32°F to 140°F while the rotatable display orientation adapts to any installation angle for optimal viewing accessibility. With integrated diagnostic monitoring, overrange/underrange indication, and up to 10-year data retention capability, this maintenance-free display upgrade delivers professional-grade local indication without the complexity or cost of traditional panel-mounted instruments, making it ideal for retrofitting existing transmitters or enhancing new installations with immediate visual feedback.

The KOBOLD AUF compact local electronic display transforms any 4-20 mA transmitter into a complete monitoring solution through its innovative sandwich-style design that installs effortlessly between existing EN 175301-803 Form A connectors without requiring additional wiring or power supplies. This intelligent display unit draws its power directly from the current loop while providing a clear 4-digit red LED readout with programmable scaling, decimal point positioning, and adjustable gate time—all configured through simple two-button menu navigation that stores settings permanently in non-volatile EEPROM memory. Available in multiple configurations including standard 2-wire operation, 3-wire compatibility, and optional open collector output for limit switching applications, the AUF accommodates diverse process monitoring requirements across flow, pressure, level, and temperature measurements with exceptional 0.2% accuracy. The rugged orange plastic housing with IP65 protection withstands industrial environments from 32°F to 140°F while the rotatable display orientation adapts to any installation angle for optimal viewing accessibility. With integrated diagnostic monitoring, overrange/underrange indication, and up to 10-year data retention capability, this maintenance-free display upgrade delivers professional-grade local indication without the complexity or cost of traditional panel-mounted instruments, making it ideal for retrofitting existing transmitters or enhancing new installations with immediate visual feedback.

The KOBOLD AUF compact local electronic display transforms any 4-20 mA transmitter into a complete monitoring solution through its innovative sandwich-style design that installs effortlessly between existing EN 175301-803 Form A connectors without requiring additional wiring or power supplies. This intelligent display unit draws its power directly from the current loop while providing a clear 4-digit red LED readout with programmable scaling, decimal point positioning, and adjustable gate time—all configured through simple two-button menu navigation that stores settings permanently in non-volatile EEPROM memory. Available in multiple configurations including standard 2-wire operation, 3-wire compatibility, and optional open collector output for limit switching applications, the AUF accommodates diverse process monitoring requirements across flow, pressure, level, and temperature measurements with exceptional 0.2% accuracy. The rugged orange plastic housing with IP65 protection withstands industrial environments from 32°F to 140°F while the rotatable display orientation adapts to any installation angle for optimal viewing accessibility. With integrated diagnostic monitoring, overrange/underrange indication, and up to 10-year data retention capability, this maintenance-free display upgrade delivers professional-grade local indication without the complexity or cost of traditional panel-mounted instruments, making it ideal for retrofitting existing transmitters or enhancing new installations with immediate visual feedback.

The KOBOLD AUF compact local electronic display transforms any 4-20 mA transmitter into a complete monitoring solution through its innovative sandwich-style design that installs effortlessly between existing EN 175301-803 Form A connectors without requiring additional wiring or power supplies. This intelligent display unit draws its power directly from the current loop while providing a clear 4-digit red LED readout with programmable scaling, decimal point positioning, and adjustable gate time—all configured through simple two-button menu navigation that stores settings permanently in non-volatile EEPROM memory. Available in multiple configurations including standard 2-wire operation, 3-wire compatibility, and optional open collector output for limit switching applications, the AUF accommodates diverse process monitoring requirements across flow, pressure, level, and temperature measurements with exceptional 0.2% accuracy. The rugged orange plastic housing with IP65 protection withstands industrial environments from 32°F to 140°F while the rotatable display orientation adapts to any installation angle for optimal viewing accessibility. With integrated diagnostic monitoring, overrange/underrange indication, and up to 10-year data retention capability, this maintenance-free display upgrade delivers professional-grade local indication without the complexity or cost of traditional panel-mounted instruments, making it ideal for retrofitting existing transmitters or enhancing new installations with immediate visual feedback.

The MEDIATOR Tool is a specialized configuration software designed exclusively for parameterizing Kobold's DUK-...C3T0 ultrasonic flow meters to measure different media beyond the factory default water setting. This Windows-based application works in conjunction with the PC-Interface Set KOFICOM-IFMU to enable seamless communication between your PC and the flow meter. The tool allows users to upload custom media parameter files (.para), replacing factory water parameters with settings optimized for specific fluids, while maintaining the ability to restore original factory settings. The software features an intuitive graphical interface and includes pre-configured media files for various measuring applications.

The KOBOLD ZUB M12 electrical connection accessories provide comprehensive connectivity solutions for industrial instrumentation with high-quality cables and connectors engineered to IEC 61076-2-101 standards for reliable power and signal transmission. Available in 4-pin, 5-pin, and 8-pin configurations with both straight and 90° angled orientations, these robust accessories feature nickel-plated brass coupling nuts, PUR molded bodies, and FKM O-rings for exceptional durability in demanding environments from -40°F to 194°F. The precision-manufactured connectors offer multiple cable length options including 2m, 5m, and 10m (with custom lengths available) to accommodate diverse installation requirements while maintaining IP67 protection for reliable outdoor and washdown applications. Constructed with PVC jacketed cables and color-coded wire assignments, these accessories simplify field wiring and troubleshooting while supporting voltage ratings up to 250V and current ratings to 4A depending on pin configuration. Whether connecting flow meters, pressure transmitters, temperature sensors, or other process instrumentation, the ZUB series delivers professional-grade electrical connections that ensure long-term signal integrity and system reliability in industrial automation and process control applications.